Phsychology

Cognitive psychology:

In this branch studies internal mental processes, such as problem solving, memory, learning, and language (how people think, perceive, communicate, remember and learn),cognition.Cognitive psychologists study topics such as attention, memory, perception, decision-making,and language acquisition. This branch of psychology is closely related to other disciplines, such as neuroscience, philosophy and linguistics.

Social Psychology:

In social psychology uses scientific methods to understand and explain how feeling, behavior and thoughts of people are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other influence, social perception, and social interaction.
A social psychologist will look at group behavior, social perception, non-verbal behavior, conformity, aggression, prejudice, and leadership. Social perception and social interaction are seen as key to understanding social behavior.

Health psychology:

Health psychology also called behavioral medicine or medical psychology. This branch observes how behavior, biology and social context influence disease and health. Yet a doctor treats the illness, the health psychologist will focus more on the person who has the illness, by finding out about their socioeconomic status and background, behaviors that may have an impact on the disease (such as medication compliance), plus the biological reasons for the illness. The aim of the health psychologist is to improve the patient's overall health by analyzing disease in the context of bio psychosocial factors. Bio psychosocial refers to the biological, psychological, and social aspects in contrast to the strictly biomedical aspects of disease.Psychology using for treatment in medical and it showing better result .
Health psychologists generally work alongside other medical professionals in clinical settings.

Phsychology

Behavioral Psychology Basics:

Behavioral psychology is one of the major topics taught in every introductory psychology course, yet many concepts that lie at the heart of this subject can be confusing for students. If you’ve ever found yourself confusing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus, this basic tutorial is for you.
Human behavior is used as evidence or at least an indication of how the mind functions. We are unable to observe the mind directly; however, virtually all our actions, feelings and thoughts are influenced by the functioning of our minds. That is why human behavior is used as raw data for testing psychological theories on how the mind functions.It is important branch of the psychology.our relations with other peoples depends through this.

Phsychology

BRANCHES OF PSYCHOLOGY



Evolutionary psychology:

This looks at how human behavior has been affected by psychological adjustments during evolution. Just as biologists talk about natural selection or sexual selection during evolution, this branch of psychology applies psychology to the same way of thinking. An evolutionary psychologist believes, for example, that language or memory perception are functional products of nature.

Phsychology

What is Psychology?

Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Psychology is a relationship between brain functions and behavior between environment and the behavior.The discipline of psychology embraces all aspects of the human experience from the functions of the brain to the environments in which humans and animal's development from child development to aging. The word "psychology" comes from the Greek word psyche meaning "breath, spirit, soul", and the Greek word loggia meaning the study of something. According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, psychology is "The profession (clinical psychology), scholarly discipline (academic psychology), and science (research psychology) concerned with the behavior of humans,related mental and physiologic processes.Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain our thoughts, emotions, and behavior.Psychology is a science based on a large body of social science research and behavioral science and which is expanding its boundaries to overlap with neuroscience and health sciences.
Physiology is a science concerned with explaining how living organisms work. Ultimately, understanding how living organisms work will allow us to understand what goes wrong in disease and provide a rational scientific basis for treatment of disease. Of the biological sciences

Importance of psychology:

Psychology is very important subject,knowledge for us.it changes our behavior and mind according to correct way.it is using in every field of life .for example,in teaching,the teacher seeks psychological tips and rules by workshops,training Kemp s before joining his profession.in human resource management,the manager acts upon rule of psychology for understanding relations with labors and better selection of labors. every society is mostly depending upon social psychology.
Physiology is viewed broadly, having overlapping context with related disciplines such as bio-mechanics, biochemistry, endocrinology, ergonomics, immunology, motor control, neuroscience and nutrition. EJAP accepts papers that address different levels of investigation extending from molecular and cellular through to large-system, and which may include genomic s, proteomics and "in silico" modeling and simulation perspectives. Papers dealing with animal models or patho physiological conditions are not excluded from consideration, but must be clearly relevant to human physiology.Physiology is one of the important basic biomedical sciences in modern education.
. Since the sequencing of the human genome has been completed, the importance of physiology as a discipline has increased dramatically, since the next task is to explain how the inanimate proteins produced by the genetic code are organized and work at the cell and tissue level to enable life to exist. Thus, Physiology is an increasingly important field of study for students interested in any aspect of biology or biomedical sciences.Surgery and Medicine depend on Anatomy and Physiology.Physiology important in medicine of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in maintaining arterial oxygenation during acute respiratory failure.

Cerebrum Brain

Cerebrum
The cerebrum or cortex is the largest part of the human brain, associated with higher brain function such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, called lobes, the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Here is a visual representation of the co rte.

Function of lobes

• Frontal Lobe:

This is associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving.

• Parietal Lobe:

This is associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli.

• Occipital Lobe:

This is associated with visual processing.

• Temporal Lobe:

This is associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech.

Note: that the cerebral cortex is highly wrinkled. Essentially this makes the brain more efficient, because it can increase the surface area of the brain and the amount of neurons within it.
A deep furrow divides the cerebrum into two halves, known as the left and right hemispheres. The two hemispheres look mostly symmetrical yet it has been shown that each side functions slightly different than the other. Sometimes the right hemisphere is associated with creativity and the left hemispheres is associated with logic abilities. The corpus callosum is a bundle of axons which connects these two hemispheres.
Cerebellum:
This structure is associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance.
The cerebellum is assumed to be much older than the cerebrum, evolutionarily. What do I mean by this? In other words, animals which scientists assume to have evolved prior to humans, for example reptiles, do have developed cerebellums. However, reptiles do not have neocortex.

Limbic System:
The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain", is found buried within the cerebrum. Like the cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure is rather old.
This system contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus.

Brain Stem:
Underneath the limbic system is the brain stem. This structure is responsible for basic vital life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. Scientists say that this is the "simplest" part of human brains because animals' entire brains, such as reptiles (who appear early on the evolutionary scale) resemble our brain stem.
Memory
What is memory? the capacity for storing and retrieving information.
Memory is extremely complicated. Researchers still don't know exactly how it works at the physiological level. We do know, however, that:The hippocampus is involved in long-term memory.Memories may be stored in different areas of the brai Psychologists also think that there are specific neural circuits for specific memories.
Distortions of Memory:
After events happen, memories can be reconstructed in different ways, making them prone to distortion. This is why people tend to have different accounts of something that has happened, or believing that something false is actually true. Memories can be distorted in the following ways: schema, source amnesia, the misinformation effect, the hindsight bias, the overconfidence effect, and confabulation.

• Schemas:

A schema is a mental model of an object or event that includes knowledge as well as beliefs and expectations.

• Source Amnesia:

People often don't accurately remember the origin of information. This inaccurate recall of the origin of information is called source amnesia, source misattribution, or source monitoring

• error.

This occurs when people's recollections of events are distorted by information given to them after the event has happened. Psychologist Elizabeth Loft us did influential research on the misinformation effect, showing that memory reconstructions can affect eyewitness testimony.

• Hindsight Bias:

This bias is the tendency to interpret the past in a way that fits the present.

• Overconfidence Effect:

The overconfidence effect is the tendency people have to overestimate their ability to recall events correctly.

Memory Processes
Three processes are involved in memory,encoding,storage, retrieval.These 3 processes help to determine whether you remember or forget something.

• Encoding:

Encoding is processing information into memory. We automatically encode some types of information without being aware of it. For example, most people probably can recall where they ate lunch yesterday, even though they didn't try to remember this information.Some types of information become encoded only if people pay attention to it. Students probably won't remember everything in their textbooks unless they pay close attention to what they're reading.There are several different ways of encoding verbal information:
Structural encoding focuses on what words look like. For instance, one can remember whether the words are long or short, uppercase or lowercase, or handwritten or typed.Phonemic encoding focuses on how words sound.
Semantic encoding focuses on the meaning of words. Semantic encoding requires a deeper level of processing than structural or phonemic encoding and usually results in better memory.

• Storage:

After information enters the brain, it has to be stored or maintained. To describe the process of storage, many psychologists use the three-stage model proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiftiness. According to this model, information is stored sequentially in three memory systems: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
Sensory Memory:
Sensory memory stores incoming information but only for an instant. The capacity of sensory memory is very large, but the information is unprocessed. For example, if a flashlight moves quickly in a circle, people will see a circle of light rather than the individual points at which the flashlight is moved. This happens because sensory memory holds the successive images of the moving flashlight long enough for the brain to see a circle.

• Short-Term Memory:

Some information in sensory memory transfers to short-term memory, which can hold information for approximately 20 - 30 seconds. Rehearsing can help keep information in short-term memory longer. Short-term memory has a limited capacity: it can store about seven small pieces of information, give or take a couple. A method called chucking can help to increase the capacity of short-term memory. Chucking combines small bits of information into bigger, familiar pieces.
Short-term memory cannot handle twelve pieces of individual information. BUT these letters can be easily remember if they're grouped into 6 familiar words: HOT BUTTERED POPCORN IN A BOWL.
Psychologists today consider short-term memory to be a working memory. Rather than being just a temporary information storage system, working memory is an active system. Information can be kept in working memory while people process or examine it. Working memory allows people to temporarily store and manipulate visual images, store information while trying to make decisions, and remember a phone number long enough to write it down.

• Long-Term Memory:

Memories can be transferred from short-term to long-term . Memories can also move from long-term back to short-term. Long-term memory has an almost infinite capacity, and information in long-term usually stays there for a person's entire life. This doesn't mean that people will always be able to remember what's in their long-term memory - they might not be able to retrieve information that's there
The Organization of Memories…
What would you do if you had a textbook that had no table of contents and wasn't organized in chapters? It would be very hard to find the information you're looking for. Long-term memory stores much more information than a textbook, and people would never be able to retrieve the information from it if it weren't organized in some way.
Psychologists believe one way the brain organizes information in long-term memory is by category. It can also organize it by the information's familiarity, relevance, or connection to other information.

• Flashbulb Memories:

Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed memories of important events. For example, many people remember where they were and what they were doing when they first heard the World Trade Center had been attacked on September 11, 2001.

• Retrieval:

Retrieval is the process of getting information from your memory. Retrieval cues help stimulate the process of retrieval. Retrieval cues include associations, context and mood.

• Associations:

The brain stores information as networks of associated concepts, so recalling the phrase "Kung Hei Fat Choi" becomes easier if a related phrase "Chinese New Year" is recalled first. This process is called priming.

• Context:

People can often remember an event by placing themselves in the same context they were in when the event happened. For example, if you lose your car keys, you may be able to recall where you put them if you recreate exactly what you did beforehand.

• Mood:

If people are in the same mood they were in during an event, they may have an easier time recalling the event.

FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN

Most important part of human body is human brain.the brain is consist on three main parts,fore brain,mid brain,and hind brain.The brain is infect the name of nervous system.
Fore brain:
very fast and dicisionable part of our brain is fore brain.this has many sub parts like thalamus,cerebrum(part of limbic system).
Mid brain:
mid brain is consist of tectum and tegmentum.
Hind brain:
this is made of cerebellum and medulla oblangeta.the brain and its parts are working upon the base of nervous system.
Nervous system:
the nervous system is our body's decision and communication center.it has two major parts or roots ,one is called cns(central nervous system) and second is called pns(peripheral nervous system.